Algebraic notation is the universal writing system used in chess to record moves by identifying each square with a letter (file) and a number (rank).
The chessboard is organized into files labeled a through h (left to right from White’s perspective) and ranks numbered 1 through 8 (bottom to top). Every square has a unique name: e4, d5, g8, and so on. A move is written by indicating the piece that moves (except for pawns, which have no abbreviation) followed by the destination square. For example, Nf3 means "the Knight moves to f3," while e4 simply means "the pawn advances to e4." Captures are marked with x (e.g., Bxd5), checks with +, and checkmate with #. Kingside castling is written 0-0, and queenside castling 0-0-0.
In practice, learning to read and write algebraic notation is an essential step for any improving player. It unlocks access to annotated games, online courses, analysis software, and the ability to keep a record of your own games. Nearly all chess learning resources — books, websites, and apps alike — rely exclusively on this system.